Panorama do controle de qualidade em laboratórios clínicos e a experiência do Instituto Adolfo Lutz / Overview of quality control in clinical laboratories and the Adolfo Lutz Institute experience

No cenário dos laboratórios clínicos é de suma importância controlar e melhorar continuamente a qualidade dos serviços para obtenção de resultados confiáveis. Para alcançar essa condição, é imprescindível acompanhar os avanços tecnológicos. Uma das causas fundamentais tem sido a introdução e o monitoramento de indicadores de qualidade, tais como as especificações de desempenho analítico, principalmente a precisão e a exatidão. São componentes-chave desse processo a utilização do controle de qualidade interno (CQI) e a participação em programas de avaliação externa da qualidade (AEQ). Este relato de experiência se propõe a apresentar algumas tendências passadas e presentes da utilização do controle de qualidade nos processos de monitoramento da fase analítica em laboratórios clínicos. Destina-se também a compartilhar a experiência do Instituto Adolfo Lutz (IAL) no desenvolvimento e na implementação de programas de controle de qualidade em ensaios sorológicos, contextualizando seu propósito e benefício dos resultados. A qualidade em laboratórios clínicos torna-se cada vez mais relevante à medida que as evidências científicas destacam o seu papel importante no processo de tomada de decisão clínica e no monitoramento de pacientes. No desempenho de suas atividades, o Centro de Imunologia do IAL tem contribuído para a melhoria da qualidade dos resultados oferecidos à população pelos laboratórios da sub-rede do estado de São Paulo.

In the clinical laboratories setting, it is extremely important to continuously control and improve the quality of services to obtain reliable results. To achieve this condition, it is essential to keep up with technological advances. One of the fundamental causes has been the introduction and monitoring of quality indicators such as the analytical performance specifications in particular accuracy and precision. The key components of this process are the use of internal quality control (IQC) and participation in external quality assessment programs (EQA). This experience report intends to present some past and present trends in the use of quality control for monitoring analytical phase in clinical laboratories. It is also intended to share the experience of the Adolfo Lutz Institute (IAL) in the development and implementation of quality control programs in serological assays, which contextualizes their purpose and benefit of the results. The quality in clinical laboratories has become increasingly relevant as scientific evidence highlights the important role it plays in the clinical decision-making and patient monitoring process. In carrying out its activities, the Center of Immunology at IAL has contributed for improving the quality of results offered to the population by laboratories of the sub-network of São Paulo State.

Rapid response of a public health reference laboratory to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Introduction. Brazil was one of the most affected countries by the COVID-19 pandemic. Instituto Adolfo Lutz (IAL) is the reference laboratory for COVID-19 in São Paulo, the most populous state in Brazil. In April 2020, a secondary diagnostic pole named IAL-2 was created to enhance IAL's capacity for COVID-19 diagnosis.Hypothesis/Gap Statement. Public health laboratories must be prepared to rapidly respond to emerging epidemics or pandemics.Aim. To describe the design of IAL-2 and correlate the results of RT-qPCR tests for COVID-19 with secondary data on suspected cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the São Paulo state.Methodology. This is a retrospective study based on the analysis of secondary data from patients suspected of infection by SARS-CoV-2 whose clinical samples were submitted to real-time PCR after reverse transcription (RT-qPCR) at IAL-2, between 1 April 2020 and 8 March 2022. RT-qPCR Ct results of the different kits used were also analysed.Results. IAL-2 was implemented in April 2020, just over a month after the detection of the first COVID-19 case in Brazil. The laboratory performed 304,250 RT-qPCR tests during the study period, of which 98 319 (32.3 %) were positive, 205827 (67.7 %) negative, and 104 (0.03 %) inconclusive for SARS-CoV-2. RT-qPCR Ct values≤30 for E/N genes of SARS-CoV-2 were presented by 79.7 % of all the samples included in the study.Conclusion. IAL was able to rapidly implement a new laboratory structure to support the processing of an enormous number of samples for diagnosis of COVID-19, outlining strategies to carry out work with quality, using different RT-qPCR protocols.

Amino Acid Permeases and Virulence in Cryptococcus neoformans.

Fungal opportunistic pathogens colonize various environments, from plants and wood to human and animal tissue. Regarding human pathogens, one great challenge during contrasting niche occupation is the adaptation to different conditions, such as temperature, osmolarity, salinity, pressure, oxidative stress and nutritional availability, which may constitute sources of stress that need to be tolerated and overcome. As an opportunistic pathogen, C. neoformans faces exactly these situations during the transition from the environment to the human host, encountering nutritional constraints. Our previous and current research on amino acid biosynthetic pathways indicates that amino acid permeases are regulated by the presence of the amino acids, nitrogen and temperature. Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans have twenty-four and twenty-seven genes encoding amino acid permeases, respectively; conversely, they are scarce in number in Basidiomycetes (C. neoformans, Coprinopsis cinerea and Ustilago maydis), where nine to ten permease genes can be found depending on the species. In this study, we have demonstrated that two amino acid permeases are essential for virulence in C. neoformans. Our data showed that C. neoformans uses two global and redundant amino acid permeases, Aap4 and Aap5 to respond correctly to thermal and oxidative stress. Double deletion of these permeases causes growth arrest in C. neoformans at 37°C and in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. The inability to uptake amino acid at a higher temperature and under oxidative stress also led to virulence attenuation in vivo. Our data showed that thermosensitivity caused by the lack of permeases Aap4 and Aap5 can be remedied by alkaline conditions (higher pH) and salinity. Permeases Aap4 and Aap5 are also required during fluconazole stress and they are the target of the plant secondary metabolite eugenol, a potent antifungal inhibitor that targets amino acid permeases. In summary, our work unravels (i) interesting physiological property of C. neoformans regarding its amino acid uptake system; (ii) an important aspect of virulence, which is the need for amino acid permeases during thermal and oxidative stress resistance and, hence, host invasion and colonization; and (iii) provides a convenient prototype for antifungal development, which are the amino acid permeases Aap4/Aap5 and their inhibitor.

Interleukin-12 protects mice against disseminated infection caused by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis but enhances pulmonary inflammation.

Paracoccidioides brasiliensis is a facultative, intracellular pathogen causing the most important deep mycosis in Latin America. As the production of IFN-gamma and induction of cell-mediated immunity to P. brasiliensis is of critical importance in host defense, the immunotherapeutic effect of exogenous IL-12 administration was studied in a murine model of susceptibility to pulmonary infection. rIL-12 treatment led to a less disseminated disease, as confirmed by decreased fungal loads in liver and spleen. Administration of rIL-12 did not affect fungal growth in the lungs, although it did induce an augmented pulmonary mononuclear cell inflammation. IL-12 treatment induced an early (week 1) increase in pulmonary IFN-gamma, but decreased cytokine and specific antibody (IgG1 and IgG3) production at week 8 after infection. These results show that IL-12 administration induces a less severe infection, but the high inflammatory response detected in the lungs precludes its possible use as a new therapeutic tool for severe paracoccidioidomycosis.